Barbie has always had some degree of notoriety. She is at once a symbol of female empowerment, ridicule, and consumerism. People might suspect that the recent ban of the new Greta Gerwig-directed, Margot Robbie-starring Barbie movie by the government in Vietnam is motivated by these concerns, but in reality, international political intrigue provides a better explanation. Specifically, a territorial dispute – which run deep in Southeast Asia and have both real and symbolic value – involving China and Vietnam is at the heart of the headline-making ban.
Amid the frothy Barbie plot, the attentive viewer might notice a map depicting a broad area claimed by China in international waters that buffer the Philippines, Malaysia/Indonesia, Vietnam and China. The Chinese claim of the vast swath of territory, known as the “nine-dash line” because this symbol demarcates China’s claims in the region, ignores both international law and the counterclaims of other countries. One map in one movie might seem innocuous, but the Chinese Communist Party revels in the persuasive power of pop culture, going so far as to purchase radio stations to broadcast its messages in other countries.
Appropriating Culture
Critical viewers might discount the overt propaganda of many Chinese movies, but they are likely less aware of the increasing influence China has in Hollywood. Beyond movies, China has made more overt claims to the cultures of other countries. Korea is an example, as China has claimed traditional Korean songs (arirang), dress (hanbok), and the quintessential culinary staple, kimchi. In the case of kimchi, Chinese state media claimed that the International Organization for Standardization’s recognition of pao kai, a Chinese fermented vegetable dish, extends to kimchi. Yet such assertions ignore international recognition of kimchi-making and kimchi as uniquely Korean. Posts on Weibo, China’s popular social media platform, show the hashtag #小偷国# (thief country) when referring to Korean’s cultural products as China’s own.
Online debates over fermented cabbage, dresses, and songs might seem trivial, but on a psychological level, culture and physical territory are central to group identities. The slow erosion of independent cultural identities can pose future threats, and Vietnam’s concerns about a momentary glimpse of a map in a movie must be viewed in these terms.
Evolving Culture & Eyeing Territory
Imperial China’s former sphere of influence included countries like Korea, Vietnam, and Taiwan. Known as the “Middle Kingdom,” China framed itself as a parent culture, but this is not how cultural evolution works. People innovate, ideas are adopted within a group, and they spread beyond the boundaries and borders of groups and are adapted by others. The Vietnamese, for example, developed their own folk medicine, often appropriated by the Chinese as “southern medicine (Thuốc Nam).” By making claims on other cultures in the region, China is attempting to legitimize its influence as it seeks global superpower status. And when it makes claims on regional cultural traditions — and territory — its neighbors understandably fear for their autonomy.
The Chinese Communist Party has set its sights on what it calls the South China Sea, ignoring a 2016 international ruling on the illegitimacy of its claims to the area. The party has dedicated considerable effort to building up a powerful navy and constructing artificial islands atop coral reefs to place military bases.
If not in form, then in spirit, the Chinese government’s actions are similar to Imperial Japan’s notion of a “sphere of co-prosperity” in the Pacific from 1931 to 1945. During this time, parts of Korea, China, Taiwan, Vietnam and other countries were subjected to brutal colonial rule. While an arms build-up is underway, China’s main weapon is its soft power, a persuasive approach to international relations that involves the use of economic or cultural influence. The Belt and Road Initiative represents an explicit, direct means to influence countries with financial support. Shaping the content of movies presents a more implicit, indirect means that often goes unnoticed.
Persuasion Through Media
A key strategy in persuasion is to flood information ecosystems with desired messages. If we fail to critically reflect on their content, our acceptance increases; this is the same rationale behind product placement. When presented in ubiquitous media, such as memes or postage stamps, an audience can begin to lose track of the credibility of the source. While a map in a fluffy movie can be discounted, the repeated presentation of images, dialogue, and values that support the goals of the Chinese regime is concerning.
Beyond film, history textbooks and classrooms are the latest battleground for wars that continue to live in collective memory. Studies of Japanese textbooks, for example, have noted shifts in how the horrific crimes of Imperial Japan, including the Nanjing massacre, are represented. Publishers appear to engage in self-censorship to ensure a favorable position within the market.
Hollywood also seems to have willingly adopted self-censorship, with some notable exceptions. A 2020 PEN America report entitled “Made in Hollywood, Censored in Beijing,” details how Hollywood decision-makers are increasingly making decisions about their films “based on an effort to avoid antagonizing Chinese officials who control whether their films gain access to the booming Chinese market.”
The Power of Pink Persuasion
Like many movies, Barbie is unlikely to have any lasting impact on society. Its brief moment in the spotlight will likely amuse audiences, but it also adds another small brick to the wall being built by China to expand its influence. Once the context of cultural and territorial appropriation is appreciated, the action of Vietnam’s National Film Evaluation Council to ban the film should not be surprising. While a total ban might be excessive, the appearance of the map in the film disregards Vietnam’s autonomy and international agreements.
Hollywood — and other hubs of popular media and social media — are ultimately subject to the demands of viewers and users. Regulations aimed at preventing Chinese influence will not be sufficient as they might replicate the kind of censorship seen in China. Instead, education systems need to teach media literacy that will help consumers be more critical about the content they are watching and reading, providing them with an understanding of history and the intellectual tools to challenge persuasion campaigns.
Jordan Richard Schoenherr is an Assistant Professor of Psychology and a member of the Institute for Data Science at Concordia University. (This article was initially published by The conversation.)
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