The pandemic highlighted how interconnected the world is right now. Multiple bottlenecks have disrupted global supply chains – the networks of people, companies, and modes of transport that order and manufacture goods and deliver them to warehouses, stores or even right to our doors. Attention has shifted to the rising cost of living this year, but it will also affect the types and amounts of goods available and how quickly they reach store shelves. On one hand, surging household bills and the impact of inflation could reduce demand to some extent. As such, widespread shortages – when a lack of supply meets excess demand – are unlikely. However, there could be more delays in the shipment of certain goods, particularly those made in Asian countries and delivered to western markets.
Against that background, here are five supply chain issues that could affect what (and how) we can buy this winter …
1. The rising cost of living
Skyrocketing inflation has seen households hit hard by rising food costs. Expectations that consumers will have to severely cut back on expenditures this winter (from limiting discretionary purchases entirely to higher-income individuals trading down to more value-focused items) has caused demand for goods and services to plunge into uncertainty. This makes it difficult for supply chain planners to accurately estimate in advance the amounts and types of goods likely to be needed by consumers. The pandemic has already changed this picture considerably, but predicting demand has become even more difficult in 2022. Since stock for the Christmas shopping period, for example, is made and shipped months in advance, this current state of uncertainty is likely to feed into continued incorrect forecasts. This could lead to disappointments and/or shifts in consumers purchasing behavior this Christmas in the event that certain products are difficult to find or more expensive to buy as tighter supply pushes up prices.
2. Labor unrest
The rise in the cost of living has also seen workers demand wage increases to counteract the impact of inflation on their pay packets. Industrial action increases the pressure on supply chains. Striking truckers in South Korea, for instance, have already disrupted the supply chain for computers this summer; meanwhile, in the United Kingdom, railway strikes have affected deliveries of construction materials. Dock workers have been on strike in Germany and the United Kingdom, while freight hubs in Ireland are expected to clog up due to strikes at the Port of Liverpool across the Irish Sea. Some labor unions in the UK have floated the idea of coordinated strike action in coming months, which inevitably cause further disruption to supply chains.
In addition, truck driver shortages seen in 2021 have continued this year. In fact, labor shortages have spread to other sectors that support supply chains, including ports and warehouses. Coupled with increased e-commerce demand that sky-rocketed during the pandemic (and has since normalized to some extent), operations are becoming increasingly strained for many businesses.
3. Energy shortages
Inflation has not only been a problem for food prices, but it is readily impacting energy costs, as well. Rising gas prices and reduced supply from Russia are forcing European companies to look to alternative energy sources like coal, while research from Germany’s Chambers of Industry and Commerce shows that 16 percent of its companies expect to either scale back production or partially discontinue business operations. Germany is Europe’s largest economy, and it is heavily dependent on exports. If it is expecting a recession, the impact on manufacturing supply chains globally could be significant. But even countries that are less reliant on Russian gas are experiencing energy price rises with serious consequences for businesses. Pakistan has shortened its work week to lower energy demand. In Norway, fertilizer production has been slashed, affecting food supply chains.
U.S. retailers – from mass-market firms like Walmart to apparel companies like Gap – are cutting their sales forecasts and car makers in the UK are worried about their output. In southwestern China, car assembly plants and electronics factories have already started to close due to a lack of power. All of these disruptions will cause ripples along global supply chains.
4. Geopolitical uncertainty
The invasion of Ukraine is the root cause for much of the energy and food price inflation countries are experiencing at the moment. It has thrown supply chains into disarray this year, fueling a global food crisis. A fertilizer shortage is also limiting agricultural output in many countries. While some grain ships have now left Ukraine, unlocking important supplies that will address famine in countries like Yemen, this will not solve the global food supply crisis.
In other parts of the world, tensions between China and the U.S. that were already playing out pre-pandemic have continued. Recent Chinese military exercises in the Taiwan Strait following a visit to Taiwan by US House Speaker Nancy Pelosi disrupted one of the world’s busiest shipping zones in August. Any further escalation of tensions could disrupt, for example, supply chains that deliver semi-conductors used in computers to manufacturers around the world.
5. Extreme weather
Climate change is a much more long-running problem for supply chains. This year, extreme weather events, such as drought has caused water levels to drop around the world, impacting major shipping supply routes. Low water means ships can only carry a fraction of their usual freight to minimize the risk of running aground. While freight can be diverted to other types of transport, a single ship might require more than 500 trucks to move its cargo.
In recent months, parts of China’s Yangtze river, which is responsible for 45 percent of the country’s economic output, have been closed to ships because water levels are more than 50 percent below normal. Two thirds of Europe is also experiencing drought conditions, which are only expected to worsen. Meanwhile, the Rhine currently has so little water that some ships can only carry a quarter of their usual freight. The drought has also hit at a time when the Rhine and other rivers are needed to move high volumes of coal and gas to prevent energy shortages. Extreme weather events are becoming more frequent and more intense due to climate change. Predictions for extreme weather during winter 2022 include a more active than usual hurricane season, which could hit several key Atlantic Ocean shipping routes.
These five issues are likely to affect lead times in the delivery of products, particularly electronics or automobiles, that are produced in China and delivered to western markets. While shortages are unlikely, some products could take longer to reach stores this winter (and prices may be impacted) as a result.
Sarah Schiffling is a Senior Lecturer in Supply Chain Management at Liverpool John Moores University.
Nikolaos Valantasis Kanellos is a Lecturer in Logistics at the Technological University Dublin. (This article was initially published by The Conversation.)
